Urban development means the suburban area around the cities in the past has changed to an urban area, and the population number is rising in kilometers square. The urban development an extreme case of land cover and land use change. During the years all the cities expand and become more complex, more lights, building, population, and air pollution. All these impacts the climate, and it causes urban heat in these areas because a loss of vegetation. Urban heat becomes a big issue need to find a solution.

     Remote sensing technologies can provide information about the urban development over the years. Remote sensing monitor the urban area and produce images of the urban and the changing that happened. Also, the remote sensing that used to monitor this area, it can produce images with the urban areas in the future. Furthermore, it demonstrates the urban heat in cities.

  

     Urban landscapes are spatially complex and are spectrally complex for that these areas needs sensors with high spatial resolution. Urban area has different remote sensing, monitoring the urban  areas.

 

• Land sat

• IKONOS

• OrbView-3

• Quick Bird

• World View-1

• World View-2

• Formsat-2

• Spot-5

 

    Urban development through Landsat

     Remote sensing technologies provide a reliable source for urban land cover/land use data acquisition. In particular, the United States’ NASA Landsat satellite data series (e.g., MSS, TM and ETM+) have been widely used for mapping urban extent and monitoring urban growth [2–7], due to the sensors’ capacity for synoptic view, repeat coverage over large areas and the availability of historical archive imagery [8]. Landsat sensors provide some advantages for the purposes of urban land mapping and change detection in terms of efficiency, as a single image can provide a synoptic view of an area of interest. In comparison to expensive higher-resolution sensors, the comparatively low-resolution nature of the Landsat TM/ETM+ sensor (30 m × 30 m) avoids complications from sparse coverage, limited scene availability and lack of data prior to 2000 when monitoring change for multiple periods. However, mapping urban areas using Landsat TM/ETM+ data remains a complex challenge [9], as there are few thematically pure urban pixels due to the mixture of manmade and vegetative land cover components that comprise urban areas. Complicating matters further, urban areas often display heterogeneous spectral characteristics and significant spectral confusion with other land cover classes. (Jun Zhang 1 , Peijun Li 1,* and Jinfei Wang 2) 

 

                                         Las Vegas (1984- 2009) Landsat images 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                               Goddard Media Studios. Retrieved from https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/details.cgi?aid=10381

 

 

 

   History of urban development (1690-1990)

   The history of cities in the United States has attend dramatic developments over the last three centuries. In the late seventeenth and the eighteenth centuries, cities were few in number, concentrated along the eastern seaboard, and their activities were dominated by merchants who facilitated trade with Europe. In the early nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, the onset of industrialization and the expansion of the domestic market significantly increased the number and size of cities. Moreover, a new type of city emerged in different places; unlike cities of the earlier period, large industrial cities sprang up in the northeastern and mid-western regions. The growing relative importance of services since the mid-twentieth century altered, once again, the overall pattern of urban development.  The U.S. Census Bureau reports that in 1990 approximately 30% of the U.S. population lived in metropolitan areas of at least 5 million people (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001).In the second half of the twentieth century, urban development in the United States was also characterized by a dispersal of the population out of central cities into suburban areas. (http://www.nber.org/papers/w7120.pdf )

 

 

 

  The factor will effect on urban area on future

    Urban development and the causes of this development in land cover. The population rising and the climate changing will cause a different effect in the cities in the future. According to Judith Rodin, one of the factors will affect an urban area, ”Sea levels are likely to rise three feet by the year 2100. That would put thousands of square miles of U.S. coastline, and many of its largest coastal cities, underwater. And it would displace tens of millions of people in Asia, where huge cities on coasts and river deltas are at risk of becoming uninhabitable”. Sea levels rising is one the climate change causes.